Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton 'Indiana' Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology.It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark.A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989.A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the. Based on the popular Movie Character, Indiana Jones is an exciting Adventure game set in the ancient pyramids of Egypt. Guide Indiana through a series of increasingly difficult levels simply filled with deadly traps and other crawling nasties in search of the lost treasure of the pharoah. A tricky platformer, Indiana Jones will require timing, patience, and puzzle solving, And remember, he.
Indiana Jones | |
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Indiana Jones character | |
Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark | |
First appearance | Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) |
Created by | George Lucas |
Portrayed by | Films: Harrison Ford (ages 36–58) River Phoenix (age 13) TV series: Corey Carrier (ages 8–10) Sean Patrick Flanery (ages 16–21) Harrison Ford (age 50) George Hall (age 93) Boutalat (age 3) Neil Boulane (infant) |
Voiced by | Video games: Doug Lee (Fate of Atlantis, Infernal Machine) David Esch (Emperor's Tomb) John Armstrong (Staff of Kings) |
Information | |
Full name | Henry Walton Jones, Jr. |
Nickname | Indy Junior Henri Defense[1] Mungo Kidogo[2] Captain Dynamite, Scourge of the Kaiser[2] Jonesy[3][4][5] |
Title | Doctor (Ph.D.) Capitan (Belgian Army) Colonel (United States Army) (WWII) |
Occupation | U.S Army Officer (OSS) Historian Linguist College Professor Archeologist |
Family | Henry Walton Jones, Sr. (father) (deceased) Anna Mary Jones (mother) (deceased) Susie Jones (sister) (deceased)[6] |
Spouse | Deirdre Campbell Jones (1926)[7] Marion Ravenwood Jones (1957–present) |
Children | Susan Jones (daughter) Henry Walton 'Mutt' Jones III (son)[8] |
Religion | Catholic (nominal)[9] |
Nationality | American |
Dr. Henry Walton 'Indiana' Jones, Jr. is the title character and protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise. George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials. The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. The character is also featured in novels, comics, video games, and other media. Jones is also featured in several Disney theme parks, including the Indiana Jones Adventure, Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril, Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Crystal Skull, and Epic Stunt Spectacular! attractions.
Jones is most famously portrayed by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix (as the young Jones in The Last Crusade) and in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles by Corey Carrier, Sean Patrick Flanery, and George Hall. Doug Lee has supplied the voice of Jones for two LucasArts video games, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, David Esch supplied his voice for Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb, and John Armstrong for Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[10]
Jones is characterized by his iconic accoutrements (bullwhip, fedora, satchel,[11][12] and leather jacket), wry, witty and sarcastic sense of humor, deep knowledge of ancient civilizations and languages, and fear of snakes.
Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones has become one of cinema's most famous characters. In 2003, the American Film Institute ranked him the second greatest film hero of all time.[13] He was also named the 1st Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine.[14]Entertainment Weekly ranked Indiana 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture.[15]Premiere magazine also placed Indiana at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[16]
- 1Appearances
- 1.3Literature
- 3Origins and inspirations
- 6Cultural impact
Appearances[edit]
Films[edit]
- 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark
- 1984 prequel film Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
- 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
- 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
A native of Princeton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was introduced as a tenured professor of archaeology in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes. His research is funded by Marshall College (named after producer Frank Marshall),[17] a fictional college of Yale University in Connecticut, where he is a professor of archaeology. He also attended the University of Chicago.
In this first adventure, he is pitted against Nazis commissioned by Hitler to recover artifacts of great power from the Old Testament (see Nazi archaeology). In consequence, Dr Jones travels the world to prevent them from recovering the Ark of the Covenant (see also Biblical archaeology). He is aided by Marion Ravenwood and Sallah. The Nazis are led by Jones's archrival, a Nazi-sympathizing French archaeologist named René Belloq, and Arnold Toht, a sinister Gestapo agent.
In the 1984 prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, set in 1935, Jones travels to India and attempts to free enslaved children and the three Sankara stones from the bloodthirsty Thuggee cult. He is aided by Short Round, a young boy, and is accompanied by singer Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw). The prequel is not as centered on archaeology as Raiders of the Lost Ark and is considerably darker.
The third film, 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, set in 1938, returned to the formula of the original, reintroducing characters such as Sallah and Marcus Brody, a scene from Professor Jones's classroom (he now teaches at Barnett College), the globe trotting element of multiple locations, and the return of the infamous Nazi mystics, this time trying to find the Holy Grail. The film's introduction, set in 1912, provided some back story to the character, specifically the origin of his fear of snakes, his use of a bullwhip, the scar on his chin, and his hat; the film's epilogue also reveals that 'Indiana' is not Jones's first name, but a nickname he took from the family dog. The film was a buddy movie of sorts, teaming Jones with his father, Henry Jones, Sr., often to comical effect. Although Lucas intended to make five Indiana Jones films, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was the last for over eighteen years, as he could not think of a good plot element to drive the next installment.[18]
The 2008 film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, is the latest film in the series. Set in 1957, 19 years after the third film, it pits an older, wiser Indiana Jones against Soviet agents bent on harnessing the power of an extraterrestrial device discovered in South America. Jones is aided in his adventure by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), and her son—a young greaser named Henry 'Mutt' Williams (Shia LaBeouf), later revealed to be Jones' unknown child. There were rumors that Harrison Ford would not return for any future installments and LaBeouf would take over the Indy franchise.[19] This film also reveals that Jones was recruited by the Office of Strategic Services during World War II, attaining the rank of colonel in the United States Army. He is tasked with conducting covert operations with MI6 agent George McHale against the Soviet Union.
In March 2016, Disney announced a fifth Indiana Jones film in development, with Ford and Spielberg set to return to the franchise. Initially set for release on July 10, 2020,[20] the film's release date was pushed back to July 9, 2021[21] due to production issues.
Attractions[edit]
Indiana Jones as he appears at Disney theme parks.
Indiana Jones is featured at several Walt Disney theme park attractions. The Indiana Jones Adventure attractions at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea ('Temple of the Forbidden Eye' and 'Temple of the Crystal Skull,' respectively) place Indy at the forefront of two similar archaeological discoveries. These two temples each contain a wrathful deity who threatens the guests who ride through in World War II troop transports. The attractions, some of the most expensive of their kind at the time,[22] opened in 1995[23] and 2001,[24][25] respectively, with sole design credit attributed to Walt Disney Imagineering.[citation needed] Disney did not originally license Harrison Ford's likeness for the American version;[citation needed] nonetheless, a differentiated Indiana Jones audio-animatronic character appears at three points in both attractions. However, the Indiana Jones featured in the DisneySea version does use Harrison Ford's likeness but uses Japanese audio for all of his speaking parts.[citation needed] In 2010, some of the Indy audio-animatronics at the Disneyland version were replaced with ones resembling Ford.[26]
Disneyland Paris also features an Indiana Jones-titled ride where people speed off through ancient ruins in a runaway mine wagon similar to that found in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril is a looping roller coaster engineered by Intamin, designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, and opened in 1993.
The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! is a live show that has been presented in the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park of the Walt Disney World Resort with few changes since the park's 1989 opening, as Disney-MGM Studios. The 25-minute show presents various stunts framed in the context of a feature film production, and recruits members of the audience to participate in the show. Stunt artists in the show re-create and ultimately reveal some of the secrets of the stunts of the Raiders of the Lost Ark films, including the well-known 'running-from-the-boulder' scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show.[27] Also at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction; during The Great Movie Ride's Raiders of the Lost Ark segment.[28]
Literature[edit]
Graphic novels[edit]
Indy also appears in the 2004 Dark Horse Comics story Into the Great Unknown, collected in Star Wars Tales Volume 5. In this non-canon story bringing together two of Harrison Ford's best-known roles, Indy and Short Round discover a crash-landed Millennium Falcon in the Pacific Northwest, along with Han Solo's skeleton and the realization that a rumored nearby Sasquatch is in fact Chewbacca. Indy also appears in a series of Marvel Comics.
Movie tie-in novelizations[edit]
The four Indiana Jones film scripts were novelized and published in the time-frame of the films' initial releases.[29]Raiders of the Lost Ark was novelized by Campbell Black based on the script by Lawrence Kasdan that was based on the story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman and published in April 1981 by Ballantine Books; Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was novelized by James Kahn and based on the script by Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz that was based on the story by George Lucas and published May 1984 by Ballantine Books; Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was novelized by Rob MacGregor based on the script by Jeffrey Boam that was based on a story by George Lucas and Menno Meyjes and published June 1989 by Ballantine Books. Nearly 20 years later Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull was novelized by James Rollins based on the script by David Koepp based on the story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson and published May 2008 by Ballantine Books. In addition, in 2008 to accompany the release of Kingdom of Skulls, Scholastic Books published juvenile novelizations of the four scripts written, successively in the order above, by Ryder Windham, Suzanne Weyn, Ryder Windham, and James Luceno. All these books have been reprinted, with Raiders of the Lost Ark being retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. While these are the principal titles and authors, there are numerous other volumes derived from the four film properties.
![Indiana Jones Games Indiana Jones Games](/uploads/1/2/4/9/124914976/697382920.jpg)
Original novels[edit]
From February 1991 through February 1999, twelve original Indiana Jones-themed adult novels were licensed by Lucasfilm, Ltd. and written by three genre authors of the period. Ten years afterward, a thirteenth original novel was added, also written by a popular genre author. The first twelve were published by Bantam Books; the last by Ballantine Books in 2009. (See Indiana Jones (franchise) for broad descriptions of these original adult novels.) The novels are:[30]
- Rob MacGregor (author)
- Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi, February 1991.
- Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants, June 1991.
- Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils, December 1991.
- Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge, February 1992.
- Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy, September 1992.
- Indiana Jones and the Interior World, December 1992.
- Martin Caidin (author)
- Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates, December 1993.
- Indiana Jones and the White Witch, April 1994.
- Max McCoy (author)
- Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone, May 1995.
- Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs, March 1996.
- Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth, March 1997.
- Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx, February 1999.
- Steve Perry (author)
- Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead, September 2009.
Television[edit]
From 1992 to 1996, George Lucas executive-produced a television series named The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, aimed mainly at teenagers and children, which showed many of the important events and historical figures of the early 20th century through the prism of Indiana Jones' life.
Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana Jones.
The show initially featured the formula of an elderly (93 to 94 years of age) Indiana Jones played by George Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote: the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy (16 to 21 years of age) played by Sean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy (8 to 11 years) played by Corey Carrier. One episode, 'Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues', is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, rather than Hall. Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format.
The bulk of the series centers around the young adult Indiana Jones and his activities during World War I as a 16- to 17-year-old soldier in the Belgian Army and then as an intelligence officer and spy seconded to French intelligence. The child Indy episodes follow the boy's travels around the globe as he accompanies his parents on his father's worldwide lecture tour from 1908 to 1910.
The show provided some backstory for the films, as well as new information regarding the character. Indiana Jones was born July 1, 1899, and his middle name is Walton (Lucas's middle name). It is also mentioned that he had a sister called Suzie who died as an infant of fever, and that he eventually has a daughter and grandchildren who appear in some episode introductions and epilogues. His relationship with his father, first introduced in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was further fleshed out with stories about his travels with his father as a young boy. Indy damages or loses his right eye sometime between the events in 1957 and the early 1990s, when the 'Old Indy' segments take place, as the elderly Indiana Jones wears an eyepatch.
In 1999, Lucas removed the episode introductions and epilogues by George Hall for the VHS and DVD releases, and re-edited the episodes into chronologically ordered feature-length stories. The series title was also changed to The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.
Video games[edit]
The character has appeared in several officially licensed games, beginning with adaptations of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, two adaptations of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (one with purely action mechanics, one with an adventure and puzzle based structure) and Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, which included the storylines from all three of the original films.
Following this, the games branched off into original storylines with Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom, Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine, Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb and Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings.[31]Emperor's Tomb sets up Jones's companion Wu Han and the search for Nurhaci's ashes seen at the beginning of Temple of Doom. The first two games were developed by Hal Barwood and starred Doug Lee as the voice of Indiana Jones; Emperor's Tomb had David Esch fill the role and Staff of Kings starred John Armstrong.
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine was the first Indy-based game presented in three dimensions, as opposed to 8-bit graphics and side-scrolling games before.
There is also a small game from Lucas Arts Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures. A video game was made for young Indy called Young Indiana Jones and the Instruments of Chaos, as well as a video game version of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.
Two Lego Indiana Jones games have also been released. Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures was released in 2008[32] and follows the plots of the first three films. It was followed by Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues in late 2009. The sequel includes an abbreviated reprise of the first three films, but focuses on the plot of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
Social gaming company Zynga introduced Indiana Jones to their 'Adventure World' game in late 2011.[33]
Character description and formation[edit]
Harrison Ford as the mature Jones in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).
'Indiana' Jones's full name is Dr. Henry Walton Jones Jr.,[34] and his nickname is often shortened to 'Indy'.
In his role as a college professor of archaeology, Jones is scholarly and learned in a tweed suit, lecturing on ancient civilizations. At the opportunity to recover important artifacts, Dr. Jones transforms into 'Indiana,' a 'non-superhero superhero' image he has concocted for himself.[35] Producer Frank Marshall said, 'Indy [is] a fallible character. He makes mistakes and gets hurt. .. That's the other thing people like: He's a real character, not a character with superpowers.'[36] Spielberg said there 'was the willingness to allow our leading man to get hurt and to express his pain and to get his mad out and to take pratfalls and sometimes be the butt of his own jokes. I mean, Indiana Jones is not a perfect hero, and his imperfections, I think, make the audience feel that, with a little more exercise and a little more courage, they could be just like him.'[37] According to Spielberg biographer Douglas Brode, Indiana created his heroic figure so as to escape the dullness of teaching at a school. Both of Indiana's personas reject one another in philosophy, creating a duality.[35] Harrison Ford said the fun of playing the character was that Indiana is both a romantic and a cynic,[38] while scholars have analyzed Indiana as having traits of a lone wolf; a man on a quest; a noble treasure hunter; a hardboileddetective; a human superhero; and an American patriot.[39]
Like many characters in his films, Jones has some autobiographical elements of Spielberg. Indiana lacks a proper father figure because of his strained relationship with his father, Henry Senior. His own contained anger is misdirected towards Professor Abner Ravenwood, his mentor at the University of Chicago, leading to a strained relationship with Marion Ravenwood.[35] The teenage Indiana bases his own look on a figure from the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, after being given his hat.[40]Marcus Brody acts as Indiana's positive role model at the college.[40] Indiana's own insecurities are made worse by the absence of his mother.[41] In Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, he becomes the father figure to Willie Scott and Short Round, to survive; he is rescued from Kali's evil by Short Round's dedication. Indiana also saves many enslaved children.[41]
Indiana uses his knowledge of Shiva to defeat Mola Ram.[41] In Raiders of the Lost Ark, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant. By contrast, his rival Rene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God.[35]
In the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is seen as a teenager, establishing his look when given a fedora hat. Indiana's intentions are revealed as prosocial, as he believes artifacts 'belong in a museum.' In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes 'literal' tests of faith to retrieve the Grail and save his father's life. He also remembers Jesus as a historical figure – a humble carpenter – rather than an exalted figure when he recognizes the simple nature and tarnished appearance of the real Grail amongst a large assortment of much more ornately decorated ones. Henry Senior rescues his son from falling to his death when reaching for the fallen Grail, telling him to 'let it go,' overcoming his mercenary nature.[40]The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles explains how Indiana becomes solitary and less idealistic following his service in World War I.[42] In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Jones is older and wiser, whereas his sidekicks Mutt and Mac are youthfully, arrogant, and greedy, respectively.[43]
Origins and inspirations[edit]
Indiana Jones is modeled after the strong-jawed heroes of the matinéeserials and pulp magazines that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg enjoyed in their childhoods (such as the Republic Pictures serials, and the Doc Savage series). Sir H. Rider Haggard's safari guide/big game hunter Allan Quatermain of King Solomon's Mines is a notable template for Jones.[44] The two friends first discussed the project in Hawaii around the time of the release of the first Star Wars film.[45] Spielberg told Lucas how he wanted his next project to be something fun, like a James Bond film (this would later be referenced when they cast Sean Connery as Henry Jones Sr.). According to sources, Lucas responded to the effect that he had something 'even better',[45] or that he'd 'got that beat.'[46]
One of the possible bases for Indiana Jones is Professor Challenger, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912 for his novel, The Lost World. Challenger was based on Doyle's physiology professor, William Rutherford, an adventuring academic, albeit a zoologist/anthropologist.[47]
Another important influence on the development of the character Indiana Jones is the Disney character Scrooge McDuck. Carl Barks created Scrooge in 1947 as a one-off relation for Donald Duck in the latter's self-titled comic book.[48] Barks realized that the character had more potential, so a separate Uncle Scrooge comic book series full of exciting and strange adventures in the company of his duck nephews was developed. This Uncle Scrooge comic series strongly influenced George Lucas.[49] This appreciation of Scrooge as an adventurer influenced the development of Jones, with the prologue of Raiders of the Lost Ark containing homage to Barks' Scrooge adventure ″The Seven Cities of Cibola,″ published in Uncle Scrooge #7 from September 1954.[50] This homage in the film takes the form of playfully mimicking the removal-of-the-statuette-from-its-pedestal and the falling-stone sequences of the comic book.[51][52][53]
The character was originally named Indiana Smith, after an Alaskan Malamute called Indiana that Lucas owned in the 1970s[54] and on which he based the Star Wars character Chewbacca.[55] Spielberg disliked the name Smith, and Lucas casually suggested Jones as an alternative.[45] The Last Crusade script references the name's origin, with Jones's father revealing his son's birth name to be Henry and explaining that 'we named the dog Indiana', to his son's chagrin.[56] Some have also posited that C.L. Moore’s science fiction character Northwest Smith may have also influenced Lucas and Spielberg in their naming choice.[57]
Lucas has said on various occasions that Sean Connery's portrayal of British secret agent James Bond was one of the primary inspirations for Jones, a reason Connery was chosen for the role of Indiana's father in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.[58][59] Spielberg earned the rank of Eagle Scout and Ford the Life Scout badge in their youth, which gave them the inspiration to portray Indiana Jones as a Life Scout at age 13 in The Last Crusade.[60]
Costume designer Deborah Nadoolman Landis noted that the inspiration for the series as well as Indiana Jones' outfit was Charlton Heston's Harry Steele in Secret of the Incas (1954) and called Raiders of the Lost Ark 'almost a shot for shot' remake of the Heston film, stating that Indiana Jones was 'a kinder, gentler Harry Steele.' Landis also stated that 'We did watch this film together as a crew several times, and I always thought it strange that the filmmakers did not credit it later as the inspiration for the series.'[61]
Historical models[edit]
Many people are said to be the real-life inspiration of the Indiana Jones character—although none of the following have been confirmed as inspirations by Lucas or Spielberg. There are some suggestions listed here in alphabetical order by last name:
- Carl Ethan Akeley (May 19, 1864 – November 18, 1926) Explorer, sculptor, biologist, conservationist, inventor, taxidermist, and nature photographer, noted for his contributions to American museums, most notably to the Field Museum of Natural History and the American Museum of Natural History. He is considered the father of modern taxidermy.
- Beloit College professor and paleontologistRoy Chapman Andrews.[62]
- Edgar James Banks (May 23, 1866 – May 5, 1945). American diplomat, antiquarian and novelist. Banks is credited with the sale of an ancient cuneiform tablet famously known as Plimpton 322 proving the Babylonians beat the Greeks to the invention of trigonometry – the study of triangles – by more than 1000 years.[63]
- Italian archaeologist and circus strongmanGiovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823).[64]
- Yale University professor, historian, US senator, and explorer Hiram Bingham III, (1875–1956) who rediscovered and excavated the lost city of Machu Picchu,[65] and chronicled his find in the bestselling book The Lost City of the Incas in 1948.[66]
- University of Chicago archaeologist Robert Braidwood.[67]
- University of Chicago archaeologist James Henry Breasted.[68]
- Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American scout and British Army spy who heavily influenced Haggard's fictional Allan Quatermain character and also became the inspiration for the Boy Scouts.[69][70]
- British archaeologistPercy Fawcett, who spent much of his life exploring the jungles of northern Brazil, and who was last seen in 1925 returning to the Amazon Basin to look for the Lost City Of Z. A fictionalized version of Fawcett appears to Jones in the book Indiana Jones And The Seven Veils.[7]
- American archaeologistWalter Fairservis.[71]
- Harvard University paleontologistFarish Jenkins.[72]
- British archaeologist and soldier T. E. Lawrence.[73]
- Northwestern University political scientist, anthropologist, professor and adventurer William Montgomery McGovern.[74]
- British adventurer Frederick Albert Mitchell-Hedges.[75]
- American archaeologist and adventurer Wendell Phillips led well-publicized expeditions in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula in the 1940s and 1950s.[76]
- German archaeologistOtto Rahn.[77]
- Harvard University archaeologist and art historianLangdon Warner.[78]
- Vendyl Jones (1930–2010) led digs in Israel searching for the holy ark. He discovered items identified as the Temple incense and a clay vessel for holy anointing oil.[79] In his book A Door of Hope: My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll, he discusses the similarities.[80]
Costume[edit]
Upon requests by Spielberg and Lucas, the costume designer gave the character a distinctive silhouette through the styling of the hat; after examining many hats, the designers chose a tall-crowned, wide-brimmed fedora. As a documentary of Raiders pointed out, the hat served a practical purpose. Following the lead of the old 'B'-movies that inspired the Indiana Jones series, the fedora hid the actor's face sufficiently to allow doubles to perform the more dangerous stunts seamlessly. Examples in Raiders include the wider-angle shot of Indy and Marion crashing a statue through a wall, and Indy sliding under a fast-moving vehicle from front to back. Thus it was necessary for the hat to stay in place much of the time.
The hat became so iconic that the filmmakers could only come up with very good reasons or jokes to remove it. If it ever fell off during a take, filming would have to stop to put it back on. In jest, Ford put a stapler against his head to stop his hat from falling off when a documentary crew visited during shooting of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. This created the urban legend that Ford stapled the hat to his head.[81] Anytime Indy's hat accidentally came off as part of the storyline (blown off by the wind, knocked off, etc.) and seemed almost irretrievable, filmmakers would make sure Indy and his hat were always reunited, regardless of the implausibility of its return. Although other hats were also used throughout the films, the general style and profile remained the same. Elements of the outfit include:
- The fedora was supplied by Herbert Johnson Hatters in England for the first three films.[82] An Australian model was used by costume designer Deborah Landis to show hat maker Richard Swales the details when making the iconic hat from 'the Poets' parts.[83] The fedora for Crystal Skull was made by Steve Delk and Marc Kitter of the Adventurebilt Hat Company of Columbus, Mississippi.[84]
- The leather jacket, a hybrid of the 'Type 440' and the A-2 jacket, was made by Leather Concessionaires (now known as Wested Leather Co.) for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. For Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, jackets were made in-house at Bermans & Nathans in London based on a stunt jacket they provided for Raiders of the Lost Ark. Tony Nowak made the jacket for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[85]
- The Indiana Jones shirt is based on a typical safari-style shirt. Its distinctive feature is two vertical strips running from the shoulders to the bottom of the shirt tails and continued over both breast pockets. A common debate regards the original shirt color. Surviving samples of the original shirts seem to be darker in reality than they appear on screen. Most fans look for an off-white 'stone' color for their replicas. The original shirts, however, may have been more of a 'tan' or 'natural' color. The shirt varied little from film to film, the only notable difference being the darker buttons in Temple of Doom and Last Crusade. Originally designed by Andreas Dometakis for the films, this shirt was once one of the hardest pieces of gear to find.
- The trousers worn by Indiana Jones in all three films were based on original World War II Army and Army Air Corps officer trousers. Although not original Pinks they are based on the same basic design and do carry a slight pinkish hue. The trousers made for Raiders are said to be more of a greyish-brown whereas the trousers made for Temple of Doom and Last Crusade were supposedly a purer reddish brown. The trousers were made of a khaki wool-twill, pleated with seven belt loops, two scalloped button flap rear pockets, a button fly and a four-inch military style hem. They were all most likely subcontracted by the costume department and made by famed London based cinema costumers, Angels and Bermans, to be tailored perfectly for Harrison Ford for the production.
- The satchel was a modified Mark VII gas mask bag that was used by British troops and civilians during World War II.[11]
- The whip was an 8 to 10 foot (2.4 to 3.0 m) bullwhip crafted by David Morgan for the first three films. The whips for Crystal Skull were crafted by a variety of people, including Terry Jacka, Joe Strain and Morgan (different lengths and styles were likely used in specific stunts).[citation needed]
- The pistol was usually a World War I-era revolver, including the Webley Government (WG) Revolver (Last Crusade and Crystal Skull), or a Smith & Wesson Second Model Hand Ejector revolver (Raiders). He has also used a Colt Official Police revolver (Temple of Doom), a Nagant M1883 (Young Indiana Jones), and a 9 mm Browning Hi-Power (Raiders).[86] The weapon is carried in a military pattern flap holster.
- The shoes were made by Alden. A stock style (model 405) that had been a favorite of Ford's before the films, they are still sold today (though in a redder (brick) shade of brown than seen in the films) and are popularly known as 'Indy Boots.'[87]
The fedora and leather jacket from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade are on display at the Smithsonian Institution's American History Museum in Washington, D.C.[88] The collecting of props and clothing from the films has become a thriving hobby for some aficionados of the franchise.[89] Jones' whip was the third most popular film weapon, as shown by a 2008 poll held by 20th Century Fox, which surveyed approximately two thousand film fans.[90]
Casting[edit]
Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his 'Bobby De Niro' (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films).[45] During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark.[45] However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role.[45] One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded.
Subsequently, Peter Coyote and Tim Matheson both auditioned for the role. However, after Spielberg suggested Ford again, Lucas relented, and Ford was cast in the role less than three weeks before filming began.[45]
Cultural impact[edit]
Archaeological influence[edit]
The industry magazine Archaeology named eight past and present archaeologists who they felt 'embodied [Jones'] spirit' as recipients of the Indy Spirit Awards in 2008.[91] That same year Ford himself was elected to the Board of Directors for the Archaeological Institute of America. Commenting that 'understanding the past can only help us in dealing with the present and the future,' Ford was praised by the association's president for his character's 'significant role in stimulating the public's interest in archaeological exploration.'[92]
Indiana Jones Games For Pc
He is perhaps the most influential character in films that explore archaeology. Since the release of Raiders of the Lost Ark in 1981, the very idea of archaeology and archaeologists has fundamentally shifted. Prior to the film's release, the stereotypical image of an archaeologist was that of an older, lackluster professor type. In the early years of films involving archaeologists, they were portrayed as victims who would need to be rescued by a more masculine or heroic figure.[93] Following 1981, the stereotypical archaeologist was thought of as an adventurer consistently engaged in fieldwork.[94]
Indiana Jones Games Evolution
Archeologist Anne Pyburn described the influence of Indiana Jones as elitist and sexist, and argued that the film series had caused new discoveries in the field of archaeology to become oversimplified and overhyped in an attempt to gain public interest, which negatively influences archaeology as a whole.[95] Eric Powell, an editor with the magazine Archaeology, said 'O.K., fine, the movie romanticizes what we do', and that 'Indy may be a horrible archeologist, but he's a great diplomat for archeology. I think we'll see a spike in kids who want to become archeologists'.[91] Kevin McGeoughs, associate professor of archaeology, describes the original archaeological criticism of the film as missing the point of the film: 'dramatic interest is what is at issue, and it is unlikely that film will change in order to promote and foster better archaeological techniques'.[93]
Fandom[edit]
Cosplay of Indiana Jones and associated characters at Fan Expo Canada 2016 in Toronto.
While himself an homage to various prior adventurers, aspects of Indiana Jones also directly influenced some subsequent characterizations:
- Lara Croft, the female archaeologist of the Tomb Raider series, was originally designed as a man but was changed to a woman, partly because the developers felt the original design was too similar to Indiana Jones.[96]Paramount Pictures, which distributed the Indiana Jones film series, would later make two films based on the Tomb Raider games.
- The producer of the Prince of Persia (2008) video game, Ben Mattes, explained that its 'inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo.'[97]
- The video game series Uncharted's protagonist Nathan Drake shares many similarities with Jones himself, both visually and personality-wise.[98]
- The character of Daring Do, in the cartoon series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic is a parody to Indiana Jones.
References[edit]
Indiana Jones Pc Games
- ^The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, 'London, May 1916', 1992-03-11.
- ^ abThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, 'Congo, January 1917', 1992-04-08.
- ^The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 19 – Winds of Change, American Broadcasting Company.
- ^The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 20 – Mystery of The Blues, American Broadcasting Company.
- ^Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).
- ^The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, 'Peking, March 1910', 1993-06-26
- ^ abMacGregor, Rob (November 1991). Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils. Bantam Books. ISBN978-0-553-29035-6.
- ^The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, American Broadcasting Company, 'Ireland, April 1916', 1993-06-12
- ^Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs
- ^Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings (Video Game 2009) – IMDb
- ^ ab'TheRaider.net – Indiana Jones' Gear'. TheRaider.net. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^'George Lucas claims copyright violation in suit'. The Gadsden Times. 14 December 1988. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
- ^'AFI's 100 Years.. 100 Heroes and Villains'(PDF). afi.com. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 7, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^'Empire's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters'. Empire. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^'Entertainment Weekly's 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^'Premiere's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters'. Filmsite.org. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^Fulks, Tricia (2008-05-26). 'Indiana Jones teaches at Marshall'. Charleston Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^Nick de Semlyen; Ian Freer; Chris Hewitt; Ian Nathan; Sam Toy (2006-09-29). 'A Race Against Time: Indiana Jones IV'. Empire. p. 100.
- ^'My Indiana Jones Crackpot Theory'. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ^Dornbush, Jonathon (April 25, 2017). 'Star Wars Episode IX, Next Indiana Jones Release Dates Revealed'. IGN.
- ^McClintock, Pamela (July 10, 2018). 'Disney Pushes 'Indiana Jones 5' a Year to 2021; Dates 'Maleficent,' 'Jungle Cruise''. Hollywood Reporter.
- ^url=http://disneyland.disney.go.com/attractions/disneyland/indiana-jones-adventure/
- ^Sehlinger, Bob (2010). The Unofficial Guide to Disneyland 2010. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 226. ISBN9780470460306. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^'Tokyo DisneySea Setting Sail for Adventure and Imagination on September 4, 2001'. LaughingPlaces. 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^'Indiana Jones Adventure: Temple of the Forbidden Eye'. TheRaider.net. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^Disneyland Resort: What’s Worth Seeing in 2010? | The DIS Unplugged Disney Blog. Disunplugged.com. (2010-02-08). Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
- ^Willoughby Mariano (2009-08-18). 'Disney performer dies during rehearsal'. Orlando Sentinel.
- ^Winders, Glenda (13 August 1989). 'Disney theme park re-creates Hollywood in its heyday'. Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Spartanburg SC. Copley News Service. p. 12. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^All titles, authors, dates of publication, and publishers of these novelizations are from the title and copyright pages of the first editions of each of the cited volumes.
- ^All titles, authors, dates of publication, and publishers of these novelizations are from the copyright pages of the first editions of each of the cited volumes.
- ^'Indiana Jones'. Lucas Arts. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^'LEGO Indiana Jones'. Lucas Arts. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^Lewinski, John Scott (1 December 2011). 'Indiana Jones raids Zynga's Adventure World'. c|net. San Francisco CA. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
- ^The character's full name is stated in the Corey Carrier narration of the feature-length episode My First Adventure from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.
- ^ abcdBrode, Douglas (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. pp. 90–98. ISBN978-0-8065-1540-3.
- ^Breznican, Anthony (2007-12-09). 'First look: Whip cracks over new 'Indiana Jones' movie'. USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ^Windolf, Jim (2007-12-02). 'Q&A: Steven Spielberg'. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^Shinji Hata (interviewer) (1994). From Star Wars to Indiana Jones: The Best of the LucasFilm Archives. LucasFilm.
- ^Puente, Maria (2008-05-22). 'Indiana Jones: He's Everyman, with wit and a whip'. USA Today. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
- ^ abcBrode, Douglas (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. pp. 174, 176–187. ISBN978-0-8065-1540-3.
- ^ abcBrode, Douglas (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. Citadel. pp. 141–43. ISBN978-0-8065-1540-3.
- ^Fickett, Travis (2008-05-22). 'Indiana Jones and the Small Screen'. IGN. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^'News, Etc'. Empire. March 2008. p. 17.
- ^'Based on a 1885 novel by Henry Rider Haggard, exploits of Allan Quartermain have long served as a template for the Indiana Jones character. King Solomon's Mines (1950), Quartermain finds himself unwillingly thrust into a worldwide search for the legendary mines of King Solomon. The look and feel of Indiana and his past adventures are quite apparent. Both Quartermain and Jones are confronted by angry villagers and a myriad of dangerous booby traps. Look to King Solomon's Mines for a good idea on the feel and tone Lucas and Spielberg are after with their latest Indiana Jones outing'. Superheroflix.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-14.[dead link]
- ^ abcdefg'Making Raiders of the Lost Ark'. IndianaJones.com. 2003-09-23. Archived from the original on 2003-12-07.
- ^Nashawaty, Chris (14 March 2008). 'National Treasure'. Entertainment Weekly.Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^'This Month in History: Dr. Hamlett & Zoological Treasure Hunting'. LSUHeathNewOrleans. New Orleans LA. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^'Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times' Celestial Arts Press, Millbrae, Califormia, p.23, 1981. 'These four panels, from pages one and two of CHRISTMAS ON BEAR MOUNTAIN (1948), are the very first appearance of Scrooge McDuck. His Dickensian and Scottish origins are apparent in his demeanor and costume. Scrooge gradually evolved into a less stereotypical and more complex character.'
- ^George Lucas in ″An Appreciation″ in 'Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times' Celestial Arts Press, Millbrae, Califormia, 1981. ″Some of the very first comics I obtained were written by Carl Barks. I had a subscription to 'Walt Disney's Comics and Stories' and liked the Scrooge character so much that I immediately went out and bought all the Uncle Scrooge comics I could find on the newsstand.. The stories are..cinematic.'
- ^'Uncle Scrooge McDuck: His Life and Times' Celestial Arts Press, Millbrae, Califormia, 1981.
- ^http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2007/12/13/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-133/
- ^Stefano Priarone in Walt Disney's Uncle $crooge: The Seven Cities of Gold, Fantagraphics Books, 2014. ″Uncle Scrooge takes Donald and the nephews on a perilous trek in search of the fabled seven cities of gold! This is the Scrooge story famous for providing Steven Spielberg and George Lucas with inspiration for parts of Raiders of the Lost Ark.″
- ^http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/429/ducktales2.html
- ^'53 Fascinating Facts About 'Indiana Jones' You Probably Never Knew' Retrieved 10 August 2015
- ^The making of Star Wars - around minute 20
- ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097576/quotes
- ^’’Fifty Key Figures in Science Fiction’’edited by Mark Bould, Andrew Butler, Adam Roberts, Sherryl Vint. google.com. Retrieved on 2018-05-28.
- ^Bond Inspiration For Indiana JonesArchived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Starpulse.com (2006-08-28). Retrieved on 2012-01-14.
- ^Fleurier, Nicolas (2006). James Bond & Indiana Jones. Action figures. Histoire & Collections. ISBN978-2-35250-005-6.
- ^HARRISON FORD BIOGRAPHY - The Biography Channel.co.ukArchived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Mike French; Gilles Verschuere (2005-09-14). 'Debora Nadoolman interview'. TheRaider.net. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^Preston, Douglas J. (1993). Dinosaurs in the Attic: An Excursion Into the American Museum of Natural History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-10456-6., pp. 97–98, 'Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after.. crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place.'
- ^'Mathematical mystery of ancient Babylonian clay tablet solved'. Phys.org. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
- ^'Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)'. Filmsite.org. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^Gene Sloan (2005-09-22). 'The trail less trampled on'. USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^'Lost City of the Incas'. United States Senate. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^Schranz, Molly (2003-12-21). 'Obituary: Robert and Linda Braidwood'. Chicago Maroon. Archived from the original on 2004-12-22. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
Some say he was the real life inspiration for Indiana Jones.
- ^'Oriental Institute Tour'. The University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-07-11. 'Some sources say that Breasted was the inspiration for Indiana Jones; others say it was Robert Braidwood.'
- ^Eplett, Layla (March 27, 2014). 'The Hunger Game Meat: How Hippos Nearly Invaded American Cuisine'. Scientific American. ISSN0036-8733.
- ^Hough, Harold (January 2010). 'The Arizona Miner and Indiana Jones'. Miner News. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
- ^'Retired Professor Walter A. Fairservis Jr. Dies'. The Miscellany News. September 9, 1994.
- ^'The Real Indiana Jones or a conversation with a Palentologist'. Politika (Poland). Retrieved 2012-12-12.
- ^French, Mike. 'Lawrence of Arabia'. TheRaider.net. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- ^'Keeper of the Past'. 1999-09-21. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
- ^'Nazi treasure, giant scorpions.. and a crystal skull: The adventures of the REAL Indiana Jones'. Daily Mail. London. 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^McLerran, Dan (December 13, 2014). 'The Real Indy'. Popular Archaeology (Winter 01012015). Retrieved 27 September 2019.
- ^Preston, John (2008-05-22). 'The original Indiana Jones: Otto Rahn and the temple of doom'. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^'The Monuments Men: Langdon Warner'. 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^Times, Joel Brinkley, Special To The New York (1989-02-16). 'Balsam Oil of Israelite Kings Found in Cave Near Dead Sea'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
- ^Jones, Vendyl (2005-03-01). A Door of Hope: My Search for the Treasures of the Copper Scroll. Lightcatcher Books. ISBN9780971938854.
- ^'Hat and Jacket featurette'. Official site. 2008-02-08. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ^Herbert Johnson Hatters websiteArchived 2016-02-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 2, 2018.
- ^'The Indiana Jones Fedora'. Indy Gear. Retrieved 2013-12-15.
- ^'Adventurebilt and Indiana Jones'. Adventurebilt Hat Company. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
- ^'The Indiana Jones Jacket: The Last Crusade'. Indy Gear: The Indiana Jones Equipment Resource. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
- ^'Indiana Jones Guns'. IndyGear.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
- ^'Indiana Jones Boots'. IndyGear.com. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^'Shrine to the Famous: Indiana Jones's hat and jacket, 1980s'. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^'IndyGear.com'. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
- ^Borland, Sophie (2008-01-21). 'Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons'. The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ^ abPeed, Mike (June 9, 2008). 'Digging: Archaeologists and 'Indiana Jones''. The New Yorker.
- ^'Harrison Ford Elected to AIA Board' (Press release). Archaeological Institute of America. 2008-06-09. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
- ^ abMcGeough, Kevin (2006). 'Heroes, Mummies, and Treasure: Near Eastern Archaeology in Movies'. Near Eastern Archaeology.
- ^Strong, Meghan (2007). 'The Indiana Jones Effect'. Lycoming College Archaeology Department.
- ^Pyburn, Anne (2008). 'Public Archaeology, Indiana Jones, and Honesty'. Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress.
- ^Toby Gard, Jeremy Heath Smith, Ian Livingston (interviews); Keeley Hawes (narrator) (2007). Ten Years of Tomb Raider: A GameTap Retrospective. Eidos Interactive / GameTap.
- ^As quoted in Gary Steinman, 'Prince of Persia: Anatomy of a Prince,' PlayStation: The Official Magazine 13 (December 2008): 50.
- ^Nelson, Randy (November 2007). 'Off The Chart – Uncharted: Drake's Fortune'. PlayStation Magazine (129): 26–33.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Indiana Jones |
- IndianaJones.com – the official Indiana Jones site
- Indiana Jones on IMDb
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones&oldid=920201888'
Indiana Jones | |
---|---|
Created by | George Lucas |
Original work | Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) |
Owned by | The Walt Disney Company (via Lucasfilm) |
Print publications | |
Book(s) | See the Literature section |
Novel(s) | See the Novels section |
Comics | Indiana Jones comic books |
Films and television | |
Film(s) |
|
Television series | The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1993) |
Games | |
Traditional | See the Merchandise section |
Role-playing | See the Role-playing games section |
Video game(s) | See the Video games section |
Audio | |
Soundtrack(s) | |
Miscellaneous | |
Toy(s) | See the Toy lines section, Lego Indiana Jones |
Theme park attractions |
Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton 'Indiana' Jones, Jr., a fictional professor of archaeology. It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark. A prequel, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, followed in 1984, and a sequel, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, was released in 1989. A fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, was released in 2008, and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures. A fifth film is scheduled to be released in mid-2021.[1] The series was created by George Lucas, and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character. The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jonesintellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm, the series' production company, in 2012, when Lucas sold it for $4 billion.[2] Paramount retains the distribution rights to the first four films and television series.
The franchise expanded to television in 1992 with the release of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, a series featuring adventures the character had as a child as he traveled around the world with his father. Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983, and Dark Horse Comics earned the comic book rights to the character in 1991. Novelizations of the films have been published, as well as many novels with original adventures, including a series of German novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein, twelve novels set before the films published by Bantam Books, and a series set during the character's childhood inspired by the television show. Numerous Indiana Jones video games have been released since 1982.
- 1Films
- 2Reception
- 6Literature
- 6.1Novels
- 6.2Children's novels
- 7Video games
- 9Merchandise
- 10References
Films[edit]
Overview[edit]
Indiana Jones | |
---|---|
Directed by | Steven Spielberg |
Produced by | Frank Marshall (1, 4) Robert Watts (2, 3) |
Screenplay by | Lawrence Kasdan (1) Willard Huyck (2) Gloria Katz (2) Jeffrey Boam (3) David Koepp (4) |
Story by | George Lucas Philip Kaufman (1) Menno Meyjes (3) Jeff Nathanson (4) |
Starring | Harrison Ford Denholm Elliott (1, 3) John Rhys-Davies (1, 3) Karen Allen (1, 4) Paul Freeman (1) Ronald Lacey (1) Kate Capshaw (2) Jonathan Ke Quan (2) Amrish Puri (2) Roshan Seth (2) Philip Stone (2) Sean Connery (3) Alison Doody (3) Julian Glover (3) Cate Blanchett (4) Shia LaBeouf (4) Ray Winstone (4) John Hurt (4) Jim Broadbent (4) |
Music by | John Williams |
Cinematography | Douglas Slocombe (1-3) Janusz Kamiński (4) |
Edited by | Michael Kahn |
Production company | |
Distributed by | Paramount Pictures1 (1981–2013) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (2013–present) |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $279 million |
Box office | $1.983 billion |
The first film, Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) is set in 1936. Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis. The Nazis have teams searching for religious artifacts, including the Ark, which is rumored to make an army that carries the Ark before it invincible.[3] The Nazis are being helped by Indiana's nemesis René Belloq (Paul Freeman). With the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) and Sallah (John Rhys-Davies), Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion. Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, they are all killed gruesomely by the Ark's wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to the United States, where it is stored in a secret government warehouse.
The second film, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw) and his twelve-year-old sidekick Short Round (Jonathan Ke Quan). The trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. The Thuggee led by Mola Ram (Amrish Puri) has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, which they will use to take over the world. Indiana manages to overcome Mola Ram's evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature. The film has been noted as an outlier in the franchise, as it does not feature Indy's university or any antagonistic political entity, and is less focused on archaeology, being presented as a dark movie with gross-out elements, human sacrifice and torture.
The third film, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) opens in 1912 with a thirteen-year-old Indiana (River Phoenix) attempting to recover an ornamental cross belonging to Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, a task which he finally completes in 1938. Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody (Denholm Elliott) are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan (Julian Glover) to find the Holy Grail. They are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider (Alison Doody), following on from where Indiana's estranged father Henry (Sean Connery) left off before he disappeared. It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis, who captured Henry Jones in order to get Indiana to help them find the Grail. However, Indiana recovers his father's diary filled with his research, and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail. Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail, while Indiana and Henry realize that their relationship with each other is more important than finding the relic.
The fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) is set in 1957: nineteen years after The Last Crusade, thus acknowledging the real-life passing of years between films. Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure. He races against agents of the Soviet Union, led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett) for a crystal skull. His journey takes him across Nevada, Connecticut, Peru, and the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Indiana is faced with betrayal by one of his best friends, Mac (Ray Winstone), is introduced to a greaser named Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf), who turns out to be his son (his real name revealed to be Henry Jones III), and is reunited with, and eventually marries, Marion Ravenwood, who was introduced in the first movie.
Development[edit]
During 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith.[4] Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s.[5] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and decided upon the Ark of the Covenant as the MacGuffin. The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to write The Outlaw Josey Wales.[6] In May 1977, Lucas was in Maui, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. His friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Spielberg told Lucas he was interested in making a James Bond film, but Lucas told him of an idea 'better than James Bond', outlining the plot of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it 'a James Bond film without the hardware',[7] and had the character's surname changed to Jones.[5] Spielberg and Lucas made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films.[7]
Spielberg and Lucas aimed to make Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom much darker, because of their personal moods following their respective breakups and divorces. Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. He had ideas regarding the Monkey King and a haunted castle, but eventually created the Sankara Stones.[8] He hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script as he knew of their interest in Indian culture.[9] The major scenes that were dropped from Raiders of the Lost Ark were included in this film: an escape using a giant rolling gong as a shield, a fall out of a plane in a raft, and a mine cart chase.[5] For the third film, Spielberg revisited the Monkey King and haunted castle concepts, before Lucas suggested the Holy Grail. Spielberg had previously rejected this as too ethereal, but then devised a father-son story and decided that 'The Grail that everybody seeks could be a metaphor for a son seeking reconciliation with a father and a father seeking reconciliation with a son.'[10]
Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment, and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, which explored the character in his early years. Ford played Indiana in one episode, narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago. When Lucas shot Ford's role in December 1992, he realized that the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s. The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B-movie, with aliens as the plot device.[11] Ford disliked the new angle, telling Lucas: 'No way am I being in a Steve Spielberg movie like that.'[12] Spielberg himself, who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, resisted it. Lucas devised a story, which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994.[11] Lucas wanted Indiana to get married, which would allow Henry Jones Sr. to return, expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished. After learning that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare, Lucas decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers.[13] Following Stuart's next draft, Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions, the last of which was completed in March 1996. Three months later, Independence Day was released, and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film (or at least not until War of the Worlds in 2005). Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels instead.[11]
In 2000, Spielberg's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released, which made him interested in reviving the project.[14] The same year, Ford, Lucas, Spielberg, Frank Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute's tribute to Ford, and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again. Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period.[15] Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B-movie involving aliens, and Lucas suggested using crystal skulls to ground the idea. Lucas found these artifacts as fascinating as the Ark,[16] and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show's cancellation.[11]M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot,[14] but he was overwhelmed by the task, and claimed it was difficult to get Ford, Spielberg, and Lucas to focus.[17]Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached.[14]
Frank Darabont, who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes, was hired to write in May 2002.[18] His script, titled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods,[11] was set in the 1950s, with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones.[19] Spielberg conceived the idea because of real-life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina, who allegedly protected Nazi war criminals.[11] Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script, but Lucas had issues with it, and decided to take over writing himself.[11] Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged that the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War, and the Russians were more plausible villains. Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler's List,[20] while Ford felt 'We plum[b] wore the Nazis out.'[12] Darabont's main contribution was reintroducing Marion Ravenwood as Indiana's love interest, but he gave them a 13-year-old daughter, which Spielberg decided was too similar to The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[11]
Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004, and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005, titled The Atomic Ants. David Koepp continued on from there, giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds,[11] based on the Robert Oppenheimer quote. It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, as Spielberg found this a more inviting title which actually named the plot device.[21] Koepp wanted to depict the character of Mutt as a nerd, but Lucas refused, explaining he had to resemble Marlon Brando in The Wild One; 'he needs to be what Indiana Jones' father thought of [him] – the curse returns in the form of his own son – he's everything a father can't stand'.[11] Koepp collaborated with Lawrence Kasdan on the film's 'love dialogue'.[22]
Future[edit]
The introduction of Mutt Williams in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull led to speculation that LaBeouf will take over the franchise from Ford.[23] In an interview with IGN, 'Spielberg indicated that LaBeouf has to make multiple Transformers movies before he can move over and take on the fedora and bullwhip of Indiana Jones.'[24] The actor himself said, 'Am I into it? Who wouldn't be? I don't think that's reality. It's a fun rumor.'[25] Ford said he would return for a fifth film if it does not take another twenty years to develop,[26] while Spielberg responded it would happen 'only if you [the audience] want more'.[27] In an interview with Time, when asked about passing the fedora to LaBeouf in the next film, Ford said, 'What are you talking about? It's mine. I would love to do another Indiana Jones movie. George Lucas is working on an idea now. Shia can get his own hat. I earned that hat.'[28]
At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, Lucas made a further suggestion that there would be a fifth film, revealing an idea 'to make Shia LaBeouf the lead character next time and have Harrison Ford come back like Sean Connery did in the last movie.' At the time Last Crusade was filmed, Connery was only 58 years old. Lucas also said that age need not be a factor, as Ford was '65 and did everything in this movie. The old chemistry is there, and it's not like he's an old man. He's incredibly agile; he looks even better than he did 20 years ago, if you ask me.'[29] In August 2008, Lucas was researching potential plot devices, and stated Spielberg was open to the idea of the fifth film.[30] He also changed his mind about continuing the series with a spin-off, joking 'Indiana Jones is Indiana Jones. Harrison Ford is Indiana Jones. If it was Mutt Williams it would be Mutt Williams and the Search for Elvis or something.'[31] Two months later, Ford stated that he would not return if the fifth film was an animated film like The Clone Wars, because 'I'd hate to see it reduced in any way from the movies that we have done and the way we have done them.' He also called Lucas' concept for the fifth film 'crazy but great'.[32]
The possibility of Indiana Jones 5 continued to be discussed through 2009 and 2010. Reports speculated in June 2009 that the next installment would start filming in 2011 with a plot involving the Bermuda Triangle,[33] although these rumors were later described as 'completely false' by Frank Marshall on his Twitter page.[34] Speaking to BBC journalist Lizo Mzimba in June 2009, LaBeouf confirmed that 'Steven [Spielberg] just said that he cracked the story on it [the fifth film], I think they're gearing that up.'[35] Lucas stated he was working on the film as of December 2009.[36] In November 2010, Ford said that he and Spielberg were waiting for Lucas to present an idea to them.[37] In March 2011, the Deadbolt website interviewed Karen Allen and asked her about the fifth film's status. 'What I know is that there's a story that they like', said Allen, 'which is a huge step forward. I heard this about six months ago, that they have a story that they like and they're working on it.'[38] In July 2012, Frank Marshall indicated that the film was unlikely to be announced in the near future, saying: 'I don't know if it's definitely not happening, but it's not up and running.. It's not on until there is a writer on the project. There is no writer on Indy.'[39]
In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm, thereby granting Disney ownership rights to the Indiana Jonesintellectual property.[40][41] However, Paramount Pictures continued to own distribution rights for the film series.[42][43] In December 2013, Walt Disney Studios purchased the remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films, while Paramount will retain the distribution rights to the first four films, and will receive 'financial participation' from any additional films.[44][45][46] Although a new film installment was not announced with the deal, Disney CEO Bob Iger has expressed an interest in monetizing the franchise across Disney's various company divisions.[47] Studio chairman Alan Horn has said that a fifth Indiana Jones film would not be ready for at least two to three years.[48] In a May 2015 interview with Vanity Fair, Kathleen Kennedy confirmed plans for a fifth film, stating another film 'will one day be made inside this company. When it will happen, I'm not quite sure. We haven't started working on a script yet, but we are talking about it.'[49]
On March 15, 2016, Walt Disney Studios announced that the fifth film would be released on July 19, 2019, with Ford reprising his role, Spielberg directing, Koepp writing and Kennedy and Marshall acting as producers. George Lucas was initially not going to be involved with the film.[50][51] However, during a press event for Disney's The BFG, Spielberg confirmed that Lucas will be returning as executive producer, stating 'I would never make an Indiana Jones film without George Lucas. That'd be insane.'[52] Spielberg also announced that John Williams will be returning to compose the score.[53] On April 25, 2017, the official Star Wars website updated the film's release date to July 10, 2020.[54] In mid-January 2018, Deadline Hollywood reported that Spielberg is eyeing the fifth Indiana Jones film as his next project following the completion of Ready Player One, which was released two months later.[55] According to Variety, the film was to begin principal photography at the start of 2019.[56] In March 2018, it was confirmed by Spielberg that filming would commence in April 2019 in the United Kingdom.[57]
In the wake of the horror filmA Quiet Place in early 2018, Lucasfilm approached its screenwriters Scott Beck and Bryan Woods to discuss the Indiana Jones and Star Wars franchises. In what Beck described as an 'open canvas talk', they were 'ruminating on if [they] did an Indiana Jones movie, what would [they] want to see in Indiana Jones'. He stated that it 'started going down the line a little bit' but that him and Woods were more interested in creating original ideas and establishing a new franchise which they also considered an obligation for Lucasfilm.[58] In June 2018, eventually, news was received that Jonathan Kasdan had replaced Koepp as scriptwriter, and that the film would miss its mid-2020 release date.[59][60] Shortly thereafter, Disney postponed the film's release date to July 9, 2021.[1] Following up on this, Marshall soon said that he was in the process of assembling something like a writers' room, commenting: 'a lot of people that we trust pitch ideas and things. Gathering info.'[61] In May 2019, it was reported that Kasdan had written his script from scratch, but that his work was now being replaced by Dan Fogelman whose screenplay used 'an entirely different premise'.[62] Two months later, Ford mentioned that the film 'should be starting to shoot sometime next year'.[63] Later reports narrowed the beginning of filming down to April 2020, suggesting principle photography to take place at the Iver-based Pinewood Studios.[64] Speaking in September 2019, Koepp said that he was working on Indiana Jones 5 again, that they were 'still trying' and that they had 'got a good idea this time'.[65]
When asked how being married to Marion Ravenwood and having a son would affect the character in a fifth film, Ford only replied: 'He's seen something. Sims freeplay generator no survey. Remember those are the only witnesses to what he's seen. That's kind of interesting.'[66] Ford later said, 'I think it would be interesting to advance the understanding of the character, as we always have had that ambition throughout the series. I think it would be interesting to deepen the relationship between him and his son and play on that relationship.. It's full of opportunity. The series is full of opportunity.'[67] However, Koepp later stated that Mutt Williams would not return in the movie.[68] Marshall stated that the film would be a continuation of the events following Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[69] Both Spielberg and Iger discussed the fifth film, with Spielberg stating that Indiana Jones would not be killed off. However, Iger said the future of the franchise with Ford is unknown, but that the fifth film 'won't be just a one-off'.[70] There are conflicting sources as to Kasdan's script revolving around the WałbrzychNazi gold train as MacGuffin.[62]
Reception[edit]
Box office performance[edit]
Film | Release date | Box office gross | Box office ranking | Budget | Ref(s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North America | Other territories | Worldwide | All time North America | All time worldwide | ||||
Raiders of the Lost Ark | June 12, 1981 (July 16, 1982)(R) (March 25, 1983)(R) (September 7, 2012 IMAX)(R) | $248,159,971 (R) | $141,766,000 | $389,925,971 | #85 #20 (A) | #237 | $18 million | [71] |
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | May 23, 1984 | $179,870,271 | $153,237,000 | $333,107,271 | #187 #86 (A) | #321 | $28 million | [72] |
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | May 24, 1989 | $197,171,806 | $277,000,000 | $474,171,806 | #153 #99 (A) | #174 | $48 million | [73] |
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | May 22, 2008 | $317,101,119 | $469,534,914 | $786,636,033 | #36 #131 (A) | #61 | $185 million | [74] |
Total | $942,303,167 | $1,041,537,914 | $1,983,841,081 | $279 million | [75] | |||
List indicator(s)
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Critical and public response[edit]
Film | Rotten Tomatoes | Metacritic | CinemaScore |
---|---|---|---|
Raiders of the Lost Ark | 95% (75 reviews)[76] | 85 (16 reviews)[77] | N/A |
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | 85% (66 reviews)[78] | 57 (14 reviews)[79] | N/A |
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | 88% (69 reviews)[80] | 65 (14 reviews)[81] | A[82] |
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | 78% (269 reviews)[83] | 65 (40 reviews)[84] | B[82] |
List indicator(s)
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Academy Awards[edit]
Award category | |||
---|---|---|---|
Raiders of the Lost Ark | The Temple of Doom | The Last Crusade | Kingdom of the Crystal Skull |
Best Art Direction | Won | ||
Best Sound | Won | Nominated | |
Best Cinematography | Nominated | ||
Best Director | Nominated | ||
Best Film Editing | Won | ||
Best Original Score | Nominated | ||
Best Picture | Nominated | ||
Best Sound Effects Editing | Won | ||
Best Visual Effects | Won | ||
Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing | Won (Ben Burtt and Richard L. Anderson) |
Television[edit]
A television series titled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996) featured three incarnations of the character: Sean Patrick Flanery played Indiana aged 16–21; Corey Carrier played an 8- to 10-year-old version in several episodes; and George Hall narrated the show as the 93-year-old Jones, who bookended each episode. Lucas began developing the series in 1990 as 'edutainment' that would be more cerebral than the films. The show was his first collaboration with producer Rick McCallum, and he wrote the stories for each episode. Writers and directors on the show included Carrie Fisher, Frank Darabont, Vic Armstrong, Ben Burtt, Terry Jones, Nicolas Roeg, Mike Newell and Joe Johnston. In the Chronicles, Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall).[85][86][87]
The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993.[88] The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and attempted to advertise the series as an action-adventure like the films. Ratings were good if unspectacular, and ABC was nervous enough to put the show on hiatus after six episodes until September 1992.[85] With only four episodes left of the second season to air, ABC eventually sold the show to the Family Channel, who changed the format from 50-minute episodes to 90-minute TV movies. Filming for the final four episodes took place from January 1994 to May 1996.[88]The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles received a mixed reception from fans, although it won 10 Emmy Awards out of 23 nominations, as well as a 1994 Golden Globe nomination for Best Drama series. It was also an experimentation ground in digital effects for Lucasfilm.[85]
The series was released on home video in VHS and DVD formats. Lucas had been working for some time on drastically reediting and restructuring the show for a home video release; major structural changes were made, including the complete removal of the 93-year-old Jones 'bookend' sections. The DVD boxset was released to tie in with the theatrical debut of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Among other extras, the discs include approximately 100 new historical featurettes.
Cast and characters[edit]
This is a list of characters who have appeared in the Indiana Jones film franchise.
Characters | Films | Television series | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raiders of the Lost Ark | Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | Untitled fifth Indiana Jones film | The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles | |
1981 | 1984 | 1989 | 2008 | 2021 | 1992–1993 | |
Dr. Henry Jones, Jr. Indiana Jones Henri Defense | Harrison Ford | Harrison Ford | Harrison Ford | Sean Patrick Flanery (age 16–21) | ||
Corey Carrier (age 8–10) | ||||||
Harrison Ford (age 50) | ||||||
River Phoenix (age 13)[89] | George Hall (age 93) | |||||
Boutalat (age 3) | ||||||
Neil Boulane (infant) | ||||||
Marcus Brody | Denholm Elliott | Denholm Elliott | Denholm Elliott (photograph) | |||
Abner Ravenwood | (mentioned only) | Richard Young (script appearance, possible screen appearance, as 'Fedora')[90] | (mentioned only) | |||
Sallah | John Rhys-Davies | John Rhys-Davies | John Rhys-Davies (photograph) | |||
Major Arnold Toht | Ronald Lacey[91] | |||||
Marion Ravenwood | Karen Allen | Karen Allen | ||||
René Belloq | Paul Freeman[92] | |||||
Colonel Dietrich | Wolf Kahler[93] | |||||
Willie Scott | Kate Capshaw | Kate Capshaw (photograph) | ||||
Short Round | Jonathan Ke Quan[94] | |||||
Mola Ram | Amrish Puri[95] | |||||
Henry Jones, Sr. | Sean Connery | Sean Connery (photograph) | Lloyd Owen | |||
Alex Hyde-White (young)[96] | ||||||
Walter Donovan | Julian Glover[97] | |||||
Elsa Schneider | Alison Doody[98] | |||||
Colonel Vogel | Michael Byrne[99] | |||||
George 'Mac' MacHale | Ray Winstone | |||||
Irina Spalko | Cate Blanchett | |||||
Henry 'Mutt' Jones III | Shia LaBeouf | |||||
Harold Oxley | John Hurt | |||||
Colonel Dovchenko | Igor Jijikine | |||||
Charles Stanforth | Jim Broadbent | |||||
Anna Jones | Ruth De Sosa | |||||
Helen Seymour | Margaret Tyzack | |||||
Remy Baudouin | Ronny Coutteure | |||||
T. E. Lawrence | Douglas Henshall | |||||
Joseph A. Bennett (young) |
Crew[edit]
Film | Director | Screenwriter(s) | Story by | Producer | Composer | Editor | Cinematographer | Distributor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raiders of the Lost Ark | Steven Spielberg | Lawrence Kasdan | George Lucas and Philip Kaufman | Frank Marshall | John Williams | Michael Kahn | Douglas Slocombe | Paramount Pictures |
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom | Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz | George Lucas | Robert Watts | |||||
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | Jeffrey Boam | George Lucas and Menno Meyjes | ||||||
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | David Koepp | George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson | Frank Marshall | Janusz Kamiński | ||||
Untitled fifth film | To be confirmed (see above) | Frank Marshall & Kathleen Kennedy | Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures |
Literature[edit]
Novels[edit]
A novelization of Raiders of the Lost Ark was written by Campbell Black and published by Ballantine Books in April 1981.[100] It was followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, written by James Kahn and published by Ballantine in May 1984.[101] Finally, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was published in May 1989, and was the first Indiana Jones book by Rob MacGregor.[102] A fan of the first two films, MacGregor admitted that writing the novelization made him 'somewhat disappointed' with the third film, as he had expanded the script whereas Steven Spielberg had cut scenes to tighten the story.[103]
George Lucas asked MacGregor to continue writing original novels for Bantam Books. These were geared toward an adult or young adult audience, and were prequels set in the 1920s or early 1930s after Jones graduates from college. Of the film characters, Lucas only permitted Marcus Brody to appear.[103] He asked MacGregor to base the books on real myths, but except for the deletion of a sex scene, the writer was given total creative freedom. Barring Stonehenge, MacGregor chose locations he had visited in the past.[104] His six books – Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi, Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants, Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils, Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge, Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy, and Indiana Jones and the Interior World – were published from February 1991 to November 1992. The Genesis Deluge, published in February 1992 and featuring Noah's Ark, was the best-selling novel; MacGregor felt this was because it 'had a strong following among religious-oriented people [..] because they tend to take the Noah's Ark story to heart and think of it as history and archaeological fact, rather than myth.' MacGregor's favorite book was The Seven Veils,[103] which featured real-life explorer Percy Fawcett and the death of Indiana's wife, Deirdre Campbell.[105][106][107][108][109][110]
Martin Caidin wrote the next two novels in Bantam's series, Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates and Indiana Jones and the White Witch. These feature Gale Parker as Indiana's sidekick; they introduced afterwords to the series, regarding each novel's historical context.[111][112]
Caidin became ill,[113] so Max McCoy took over in 1995 and wrote the final four novels: Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone, Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs, Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth, and Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx. McCoy set his books closer in time to the events of Raiders of the Lost Ark, which led to his characterizing Indiana as 'a bit darker'. The prolog of his first book featured a crystal skull,[114] and this became a recurring story, concluding when Jones gives it up in the final novel. Lucas' involvement with McCoy's novels was limited, although LucasFilm censored sexual or outlandish elements in order to make the books appeal to younger readers;[113] they also rejected the theme of time travel in the final book.[114]Sallah, Lao Che, Rene Belloq and the Nazis made appearances, and McCoy also pitted Jones against Benito Mussolini's fascists and the Japanese. Jones also has a doomed romance with Alecia Dunstin, a librarian at the British Museum.[115][116][117][118] A novel involving the Spear of Destiny was dropped, because Dark Horse Comics was developing the idea and later DC Comics developed the idea.[114]
The books were only published in paperback, as the series editor felt readers would not be prepared to pay the hardback price for an adventure novel.[119]
In February 2008, the novelizations of the first three films were published in one edition;[120]James Rollins' Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novelization arrived the following May.[121] Children's novelizations of all four films were published by Scholastic in 2008.[122]
MacGregor was said to be writing new books for Ballantine for early 2009, but none have been published.[123]
A new adult adventure, Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead by Steve Perry, was released in September 2009.[124]
A novel based on the video game Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings, written by MacGregor to coincide with the release of the game, was canceled due to problems around the game's production.[125]
Additionally, German author Wolfgang Hohlbein wrote eight Indiana Jones novels in the early 1990s, which were never translated to English.
List of novels[edit]
All of the following were published by Bantam Books, with the exception of Army of the Dead, which was published by Del Rey.
- Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi (Feb 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
- Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants (June 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
- Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils (Dec 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
- Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge (Feb 1992) – by Rob Macgregor
- Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy (Sept 1992) – by Rob Macgregor
- Indiana Jones and the Interior World (1992) – by Rob Macgregor
- Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates (Dec 1993) – by Martin Caidin
- Indiana Jones and the White Witch (1994) – by Martin Caidin
- Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone (1995) – by Max McCoy
- Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs (1996) – by Max McCoy
- Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth (1997) – by Max McCoy
- Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx (1999) – by Max McCoy
- Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead (2009) – by Steve Perry
Indiana Jones novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein:
- Indiana Jones und das Schiff der Götter (1990) – (Indiana Jones and the Longship of the Gods)
- Indiana Jones und die Gefiederte Schlange (1990) – (Indiana Jones and the Feathered Snake)
- Indiana Jones und das Gold von El Dorado (1991) – (Indiana Jones and the Gold of El Dorado)
- Indiana Jones und das verschwundene Volk (1991) – (Indiana Jones and the Lost People)
- Indiana Jones und das Schwert des Dschingis Khan (1991) – (Indiana Jones and the Sword of Genghis Khan)
- Indiana Jones und das Geheimnis der Osterinseln (1992) – (Indiana Jones and the Secret of Easter Island)
- Indiana Jones und das Labyrinth des Horus (1993) – (Indiana Jones and the Labyrinth of Horus)
- Indiana Jones und das Erbe von Avalon (1994) – (Indiana Jones and the Legacy of Avalon)
Children's novels[edit]
Find Your Fate[edit]
Ballantine Books published a number of Indiana Jones books in the Find Your Fate line, written by various authors. These books were similar to the Choose Your Own Adventure series, allowing the reader to select from options that change the outcome of the story. Indiana Jones books comprised 11 of the 17 releases in the line, which was initially titled Find Your Fate Adventure.[126]
- Indiana Jones and the Curse of Horror Island (June 1984) – R. L. Stine
- Indiana Jones and the Lost Treasure of Sheba (June 1984) – Rose Estes
- Indiana Jones and the Giants of the Silver Tower (Aug 1984) – R. L. Stine
- Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Fates (Aug 1984) – Richard Wenk
- Indiana Jones and the Cup of the Vampire (Oct 1984) – Andy Helfer
- Indiana Jones and the Legion of Death (Dec 1984) – Richard Wenk
- Indiana Jones and the Cult of the Mummy's Crypt (Feb 1985) – R. L. Stine
- Indiana Jones and the Dragon of Vengeance (Apr 1985) – Megan Stine and H. William Stine
- Indiana Jones and the Gold of Genghis Khan (May 1985) – Ellen Weiss
- Indiana Jones and the Ape Slaves of Howling Island (1986) – R. L. Stine
- Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Elephant (Feb 1987) – Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Scholastic[edit]
In 2008, Scholastic released a series of middle-grade novels based on the stories and screenplays. Each book of this edition included several pages of color stills from filming.
- Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark – Ryder Windham
- Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom – Suzanne Weyn
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Ryder Windham
In May 2009, two new middle-grade books were to begin a new series of Untold Adventures, though no further books appeared.[127]
- Indiana Jones and the Pyramid of the Sorcerer – Ryder Windham
- Indiana Jones and the Mystery of Mount Sinai – J.W. Rinzler
Young Indiana Jones[edit]
In the early 1990s, different book series featured childhood and young adult adventures of Indiana Jones in the early decades of the century. Not all were directly tied to the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles TV series.
- Random House
The following books are set in Indy's mid- to late-teen years.
- Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure (1990) – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror (1990) – by Les Martin
- Young Indiana Jones and the Circle of Death (1990) – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Secret City (1990) – by Les Martin
- Young Indiana Jones and the Princess of Peril (1991) – by Les Martin
- Young Indiana Jones and the Gypsy Revenge (1991) – by Les Martin
- Young Indiana Jones and the Ghostly Riders (1991) – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of Ruby Cross – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure (1993) – by Les Martin
- Young Indiana Jones and the Lost Gold of Durango (1993) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
- Young Indiana Jones and the Face of the Dragon – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Journey to the Underworld (1994) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
- Young Indiana Jones and the Mountain of Fire (1994) – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Pirates' Loot (1994) – by J.N. Fox
- Young Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Tiger (1995) – by William McCay
- Young Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Madman (unpublished) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
- Young Indiana Jones and the Ring of Power (unpublished) – Megan Stine
- Random House
These books were novelizations of episodes of the TV series. Some feature Indy around age 8; others have him age 16-18.
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Mummy's Curse – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Field of Death – by Les Martin
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Safari Sleuth – by A.L. Singer
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Secret Peace – by William McCay
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Trek of Doom – by Les Martin
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Revolution! – by Gavin Scott
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Race to Danger – by Stephanie Calmenson
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Prisoner of War – by Sam Mclean
- Bantam Books
These are labeled Choose Your Own Adventure books. Like the TV series, some feature Indy around age 8, others age 16-18.
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles:
- The Valley of the Kings – by Richard Brightfield
- South of the Border – by Richard Brightfield
- Revolution in Russia – by Richard Brightfield
- Masters of the Louvre – by Richard Brightfield
- African Safari – by Richard Brightfield
- Behind the Great Wall – by Richard Brightfield
- The Roaring Twenties – by Richard Brightfield
- The Irish Rebellion – by Richard Brightfield
- Ballantine Books
Young Indiana Jones:
- The Mata Hari Affair – by James Luceno
- The Mummy's Curse – by Parker Smith
- Graphic novels
- The Curse of the Jackal – by Dan Barry
- The Search for the Oryx – by Dan Barry
- The Peril of the Fort – by Dan Barry
- Non-fiction books
- Lost Diaries of Young Indiana Jones – by Eric D. Weiner
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: On the Set and Behind the Scenes – by Dan Madsen
- Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Egypt – by John Malam
- Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Rome – by John Malam
- Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Greece – by John Malam
- Indiana Jones Explores The Vikings – by John Malam
- Indiana Jones Explores The Incas – by John Malam
- Indiana Jones Explores The Aztecs – by John Malam
Comic books[edit]
Video games[edit]
Since the release of the original film, there have been a number of video games based on the Indiana Jones series. These include both games based on (or derived from) the films, as well as those featuring the characters in new storylines.
For most people, though, it's little more than a quaint historical curiosity. If you loved Gettysburg Yankee in 1997, you might enjoy giving it another try. Its features include 3D-animated soldiers, cannons, cavalries, and generals that move, change formation, fire, retreat, and attack in real time on the accurate, scalable, and rotating 3D view of the Gettysburg battlefield. Sid meiers antietam windows 10. Sid Meier's Gettysburg is a real-time game simulating one of the most dramatic battles in the American Civil War, and possibly one of the most studied battles in wartime history.
Slender man arrival free play. The Arrival is the prologue to the first slender game, Slender: the Eight Pages, which was itself an experimental game. In the first, players are challenged to search the short game for eight pages of a book while being relentlessly haunted by a faceless man, the Slender man.
Games adapted or derived from the films[edit]
- Raiders of the Lost Ark (1982, Atari Inc) – The first Indiana Jones video game. Released on the Atari 2600.
- Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1985, Atari Games) – Arcade game, later converted to many home computer and console formats, including an NES version in 1988.
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game (1989, LucasArts) – One of two Last Crusade-based games released by LucasArts in 1989.
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure (1989, LucasArts)
- Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1991, Taito) – Released for the NES console.
- Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures (1994, JVC/LucasArts) – The final film adaptation until 2008, based upon all three original films. Released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
- Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (2008, LucasArts) – Based on the original three movies and the Lego toy franchise.
- Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (2009, LucasArts) – A sequel to the original Lego Indiana Jones game.
Original games[edit]
- Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom (1985, Mindscape)
- Indiana Jones in Revenge of the Ancients (1987, Mindscape) – Released for the Apple II and PC DOS computer platforms.
- Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis (1992, LucasArts) – Released for DOS (IBM PC) compatibles in 1992.
- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993, Jaleco) – Released for the NES console.
- Instruments of Chaos starring Young Indiana Jones (1994, LucasArts) – Released for the Sega Genesis
- Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures (1996, LucasArts)
- Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine (1999, LucasArts) – Released in 1999 on the PC, as well as for the Nintendo 64
- Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine (2D Version) (2001, LucasArts) – A 2D version of Infernal Machine released for the Game Boy Color
- Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb (2003, LucasArts) – a prequel to Temple of Doom. Released on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows in 2003.
- Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings (2009, LucasArts) – Released in June 2009 for the Nintendo DS, Wii, PSP and PS2.[128]
- Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles (2009, THQ) – Developed by Universomo and published by THQ Wireless for BlackBerry, iOS, and Windows Mobile.[129][130][131][132]
- Indiana Jones Adventure World (2011, Zynga) – The social gaming company Zynga partnered with Lucasfilm to produce this game late 2011.[133]
Cancelled games[edit]
- Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix – An intended sequel to The Fate of Atlantis, intended for a 1995 release, but was canceled.
Theme park attractions[edit]
Action on the set of the 'Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!'
Prior to Disney's acquisition, George Lucas collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering on several occasions to create Indiana Jones attractions for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide. Indiana Jones-themed attractions at Disney theme parks include:
- The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! show opened at Disney's Hollywood Studios in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in 1989.
- The Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril roller-coaster opened at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France, in 1993.
- The Indiana Jones Adventure, which opened at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, in 1995 and at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba, Japan, in 2001.
- An Indiana Jones-themed bar lounge, 'Jock Lindsey's Hangar Bar', opened in 2015 at Disney Springs at the Walt Disney World Resort.[134][135]
- The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios featured a scene based on Raiders of the Lost Ark.
Merchandise[edit]
Toy lines[edit]
For the holiday season following the June 1981 debut of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Kenner produced a 12-inch-tall 'Authentically styled Action Figure' of Indiana Jones. The next spring they delivered nine smaller-scale (33⁄4') action figures, three playsets, replicas of the German desert convoy truck and Jones' horse, all derived from the Raiders movie.[136] They also offered a Raidersboard game.[137]
In conjunction with the theatrical release of The Temple of Doom in 1984, TSR, Inc. released miniature metal versions of twelve characters from both films for a role playing game. LJN Toys Ltd. also released action figures of Jones, Mola Ram, and the Giant Thugee; there were plans for the addition of Willie Scott and Short Round, and also a mine car racing set, but these were never made available.[138]
No toys were produced to tie in with The Last Crusade in 1989, but in 1993 Horizon released highly detailed vinyl model kits of Indiana and Henry Jones,[139] while in 1995 Micro Machines produced a set of ten die-cast toy vehicles from all three films.[137] Micro Machines also considered a mini. playset, but this was never made available.[140] In 1999, Toys McCoy released a Japanese-market-only limited edition 12-inch figure of Indiana and his horse from Raiders.[141] In 2001, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts sold new, exclusive action figures and model vehicles,[142] and a second wave followed in August 2003. This included G.I. Joe versions of Jones, including an African-American styled toy, to honor the black performers at their stunt shows.[143]
![Indiana Jones Games Indiana Jones Games](/uploads/1/2/4/9/124914976/738618267.jpg)
Hasbro released toys based on Raiders of the Lost Ark and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Further figures, including characters from The Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade, followed later in the year,[144] but were distributed on a very limited basis. This line of toys included 33⁄4-inch and 12-inch figures, vehicles, a playset, and a series of 'Adventure Heroes' aimed at young children.[145] Hasbro announced the cancellation of the line in the fall of 2008, due to decreasing sales, although some figures continued to be released up until the 2011 San Diego Comic Convention.
Sideshow Collectibles, Gentle Giant, Diamond Select Toys and Kotobukiya[146] also earned Indiana Jones licensing rights in 2008.[147][148][149][150]Lego released eight play sets to coincide with the fourth film, based on Raiders and The Last Crusade as well as on Kingdom of the Crystal Skull[151][152]
Merchandise featuring franchise cross-overs include a Mr. Potato Head 'Taters Of The Lost Ark' set by Hasbro,[153]Mickey Mouse as Indiana Jones,[154] and a Muppets-branded Adventure Kermit action figure, produced by Palisades Toys and based on the frog's appearance in the Disney World stunt show as seen in The Muppets at Walt Disney World.[155]
Disney Vinylmation introduced a series based on Indiana Jones characters in 2014.[156]
Role-playing games[edit]
There have been two publications of role-playing games based on the Indiana Jones franchise. The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role-Playing Game was designed and published by TSR, Inc. under license in 1984.[157] Ten years later, West End Games acquired the rights to publish their own version, The World of Indiana Jones.
Pinball[edit]
A pinball machine based on the first three films was released in 1993. Stern Pinball released a new edition in 2008, which featured all four movies.[158]
References[edit]
Footnotes
- ^ In December 2013, the distribution rights for future films were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios; however, Paramount continues to retain the distribution rights to Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[44][45][46]
Citations
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- ^Graser, Marc (October 30, 2012). 'Disney buys LucasFilm, new 'Star Wars' planned'. Variety. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
- ^'Raiders of the Lost Ark: Revised Third Draft'(PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^Hearn, p.80
- ^ abcIndiana Jones: Making the Trilogy (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
- ^Hearn, pp. 112–115
- ^ abMcBride, pp. 309–322
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- ^Hearn, pp. 144–7
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- ^ abcdefghijRinzler, Bouzereau, Chapter 11: 'Atomic Ants from Space: May 1989 to June 2007' p. 231–247
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The rumor about INDY 5 is completely false. Nothing has changed, we are not shooting next year and still in the research phase..
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The next Indy film? Yes, we're working on it. It's in development. That's all I can say right now.
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What I know is that there's a story that they like, which is a huge step forward.
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Sources[edit]
- Hearn, Marcus (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, Publishers. ISBN0-8109-4968-7.
- McBride, Joseph (1997). Steven Spielberg. New York City: Faber and Faber. ISBN0-571-19177-0.
Further reading[edit]
- Rinzler, J.W.; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). The Complete Making of Indiana Jones. Random House. ISBN978-0-09-192661-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Indiana Jones |
- Official website
- Indiana Jones series at Box Office Mojo
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